Mutual Funds

Rainier International Discovery Series

Investment Objective

To provide investors with long-term capital appreciation by investing primarily in the common stock of small- to mid-capitalization companies located outside the U.S.

Investment Strategy

The Series is primarily invested in the common stock of small- and mid-capitalization companies traded outside the U.S. Rainier typically selects investments that fall within the market capitalization range of the MSCI ACWI ex USA Small Cap Index at the time of purchase. The Team will invest in any type of company whether it is in the index or not, as long as it is within the market cap range and fits the investment objectives. To control risk, extreme overweighting or underweighting of the Series relative to the Index is normally avoided.

Investment decisions are based on fundamental analysis, which emphasizes bottom-up stock selection of companies that exhibit strong growth, clear key earnings drivers and attractive valuations. The investment team evaluates companies across all sectors and regions using this growth and valuation criteria.

May be Appropriate for Investors

  • Seeking a long-term (15 years or more) investment and who are willing to accept the risk of investing in foreign equity securities
  • Seeking to diversify a portfolio by adding a foreign equity component

Daily Price

$26.54

Daily $ Change

$0.02

Daily % Change

0.08%

as of 06/06/2025

Ticker

RISAX

CUSIP

56382R670

Inception Date

11/30/2012

Investment Minimum

$2,000.00

Prior to 03/01/2019, the Class S shares were designated as the Class K shares. Investment minimum may be waived for certain qualified retirement plans, participants in an automatic investment program, and discretionary investment accounts of the Advisor.

Important Documents

Summary Prospectus
Prospectus
Statement of Additional Information
Annual Report
Semi-Annual Report
Proxy Voting Record
Applications & Forms
Fact Sheet
N-Port Part F Reports
Financial Statements and Other Information

Performance

As of 05/31/2025

YTD

15.73%

1 Year

11.42%

3 Year

3.55%

5 Year

6.52%

10 Year

6.47%

Inception
(03/28/2012)

9.31%

Performance data quoted represents past performance and does not guarantee future results. Performance for periods greater than one year is annualized. The investment return and principal value of an investment will fluctuate, so that an investor’s shares, when redeemed, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Current performance may be higher or lower than that quoted.

For periods prior to 08/21/2017, performance for Class S is based on the historical performance of the Class A Shares of the Rainier International Discovery Fund (Predecessor Fund) Class A Shares, which was managed by Rainier Investment Management, LLC and reorganized into the Manning & Napier Fund, Inc. Rainier International Discovery Series Class S on 08/21/2017. Performance prior to 11/30/2012 is based on the historical performance of the Predecessor Fund’s Institutional Shares and adjusted for the Predecessor Fund’s Class A Shares expenses. If the sales charges were reflected or if performance had been adjusted to reflect the Class S Shares’ expenses, the performance would have been different depending on total expenses incurred by the Predecessor Fund.

Expense Ratio

Gross 1.41%

*Includes a 12b-1 fee of 0.25%, of which up to 0.25% is available as a shareholder servicing fee. Reflects the Advisor’s contractual agreement to limit its fees and reimburse certain expenses. The contractual waiver may not be amended or terminated without the prior approval of the Fund’s Board of Directors.

Top Ten Investments

As of 05/31/2025

EURONEXT EUR1.60 3.00%
SAAB AB NPV B 2.95%
BABCOCK INTL GROUP ORD GBP0.60 2.75%
DEFINITY FINL CORP COM NPV 2.65%
SCOUT24 AG NPV 2.34%
SWISSQUOTE GP HLDG CHF0.20 (REGD) 2.31%
ELEMENT FLEET MGMT COM NPV 2.14%
JAPAN ELEVATOR SER NPV 2.11%
ALK-ABELLO A/S SERBDKK0.50 2.00%
ST JAMES'S PLACE ORD GBP0.15 1.81%

Top Ten Investments list is unaudited and excludes cash.

Security Description Country Ticker Shares/Par Market Value (USD)
360 ONE WAM LTD INR1(POST SUBD) IN 173,110 $2,017,947.77
AAC TECHNOLOGIES H USD0.01 HK 498,500 $2,317,185.38
ALK-ABELLO A/S SERBDKK0.50 DK 302,514 $8,235,158.55
ALS LIMITED NPV AU 439,168 $4,541,808.92
ALTIUS MINERALS CO COM NPV CA 159,431 $3,054,229.27
ASHTEAD TECHNOLOGY ORD GBP0.05 GB 164,508 $942,850.87
ASPEED TECHNOLOGY TWD10 TW 29,000 $3,810,250.76
AUTO TRADER GROUP ORD GBP1.50 GB 397,450 $4,255,690.71
AUTO1 GRP NPV DE 123,999 $3,322,168.81
BABCOCK INTL GROUP ORD GBP0.60 GB 895,696 $11,305,858.27
BAYCURRENT CONSULT NPV JP 85,300 $4,541,806.02
BE SEMICONDUCTOR EUR0.01 NL 16,970 $2,052,706.26
BIOGAIA AB SERBNPV SE 120,500 $1,242,643.12
BRUNELLO CUCINELLI NPV IT 50,400 $6,205,140.27
CARSALES.COM LTD NPV AU 87,585 $2,004,351.02
CELESTICA INC COM NPV CA 27,881 $3,222,552.47
CELLEBRITE DI LTD ORDINARY SHARES US CLBT 61,753 $1,030,040.04
CLASSYS INC KRW100 KR 65,912 $2,723,044.14
CLOUD MUSIC INC USD0.0001 HK 111,800 $3,011,159.78
COSMAX INC KRW500 KR 28,598 $4,352,815.83
COWELL E HOLDINGS USD0.004 HK 928,743 $2,647,104.98
CTS EVENTIM NPV DE 55,970 $6,779,711.86
DAIEI KANKYO CO LT NPV JP 239,000 $5,026,958.66
DEFINITY FINL CORP COM NPV CA 201,316 $10,910,991.91
DESCARTES SYSTEMS COM NPV CA 51,720 $5,985,444.13
DIPLOMA ORD GBP0.05 GB 110,014 $6,952,120.53
E INK HOLDINGS INC TWD10 TW 387,000 $2,734,446.17
ECLAT TEXTILE CO TWD10 TW 142,000 $2,043,395.57
ELEMENT FLEET MGMT COM NPV CA 370,760 $8,817,667.55
EMEMORY TECHNOLOGY TWD10 TW 35,000 $2,802,943.09
EURONEXT EUR1.60 FR 75,904 $12,356,780.29
FORTNOX AB NPV SE 454,737 $4,090,523.82
FUKUOKA FINANCIAL GROUP JP 237,400 $6,511,862.50
FUSO CHEMICAL CO NPV JP 125,200 $3,340,517.69
GENDA INC NPV JP 164,100 $1,072,430.09
GERRESHEIMER AG NPV (BR) DE 14,422 $1,037,202.66
GN STORE NORD DKK1 DK 52,802 $773,617.71
GRUMA SAB DE CV SER'B' NPV MX 104,671 $1,971,467.44
GTT EUR0.01 FR 36,882 $6,854,166.55
HALMA ORD GBP0.10 GB 152,143 $5,962,311.18
HEMNET GROUP AB NPV SE 82,967 $2,624,206.75
HOWDEN JOINERY GR ORD GBP0.10 GB 532,886 $6,183,754.49
HYOSUNG HEAVY INDU KRW5000 KR 9,124 $4,093,466.69
INDIAN HOTELS INR1 (POST SUBDIVISION) IN 246,823 $2,219,892.75
INSOURCE CO LTD NPV JP 358,200 $2,507,238.64
INTERMED CAP GRP ORD GBP0.2625 GB 110,000 $2,975,710.43
INTERNET INITIATIV NPV JP 210,500 $4,061,346.55
JAPAN ELEVATOR SER NPV JP 346,500 $8,668,803.49
JAPAN STEEL WORKS JP 149,900 $7,125,431.23
JBCC HOLDINGS INC NPV JP 276,400 $2,656,826.64
JUMBO SA EUR0.88 GR 100,264 $3,257,663.09
KAYNES TECHNOLOGY INR10 IN 36,283 $2,534,086.13
Kfin Technologies Ltd. INR10 IN 172,165 $2,170,797.95
KINAXIS INC COM NPV CA 34,390 $4,888,059.71
KINGDEE INTL SOFTW HKD0.025 HK 1,990,000 $3,121,449.20
KONECRANES OYJ NPV FI 64,077 $5,004,746.90
KPJ HEALTHCARE MYR0.50 MY 3,201,622 $2,045,909.04
KRONES AG ORD NPV DE 17,088 $2,688,722.47
KYOTO FINANCIAL GR NPV JP 360,800 $6,036,045.60
L.T. FOODS LTD INR1 IN 541,310 $2,781,033.50
LAGERCRANTZ GROUP AB-B SHS LAGRB SE0014990966 SE 316,772 $7,163,272.94
MAX HEALTHCARE INS INR10 IN 285,103 $3,747,900.90
MITSUI ENG N SHIPBUILDING JP 134,000 $2,186,978.07
MNC SOLUTION CO LT KRW100 KR 30,815 $2,878,925.49
MULTI COMMODITY EX INR10 IN 54,211 $4,180,534.40
MUNTERS GROUP AB NPV SE 112,741 $1,500,091.08
NETCOMPANY GROUP DKK1 DK 54,372 $2,535,200.18
NHPC LTD INR10 IN 3,625,600 $3,701,649.69
NIKON CORP JP 309,100 $3,125,381.34
NKT A/S DKK20 DK 28,297 $2,424,565.08
NOMURA REAL ESTATE HOLDINGS JP 678,600 $3,986,619.22
NORDNET AB NPV SE 259,866 $7,023,588.21
OR Royalties Inc. COM CA 221,763 $5,656,371.80
OXFORD INSTRUMENTS ORD GBP0.05 GB 97,466 $2,352,736.16
PAL GROUP HOLDINGS NPV JP 65,600 $1,613,915.94
PHOENIX MILLS INR2 IN 106,575 $1,917,540.49
PRO MEDICUS NPV AU 18,038 $3,273,672.17
RIGHTMOVE ORD GBP0.001 GB 679,652 $6,830,091.13
RINGKJOBING LNDOBK DKK1 DK 33,507 $6,782,225.77
RINNAI CORP JP 112,712 $2,815,944.84
SAAB AB NPV B SE 240,516 $12,133,538.21
SCOUT24 AG NPV DE 70,929 $9,654,605.46
SOJITZ JP 187,100 $4,626,444.44
SOPRA STERIA GROUP EUR1.00 FR 10,407 $2,242,400.97
SSAB AB SE 619,148 $3,667,850.56
ST JAMES'S PLACE ORD GBP0.15 GB 497,058 $7,470,577.82
STEADFAST GROUP LI NPV AU 450,471 $1,669,827.53
SWCC SHOWA HOLDING NPV JP 88,000 $4,269,032.19
SWISSQUOTE GP HLDG CHF0.20 (REGD) CH 15,896 $9,523,475.38
TECHNOLOGY ONE NPV AU 192,327 $5,082,080.00
TFI INTERNATIONAL COM NPV CA 27,341 $2,356,183.93
THK JP 81,000 $2,221,262.00
THULE GROUP AB NPV SE 75,991 $2,000,065.05
TOROMONT INDUSTRIE COM STK NPV CA 45,302 $3,921,154.24
U-NEXT HOLDINGS CO NPV JP 212,900 $3,207,627.43
US DOLLARS US USD 9,997,309.13 $9,997,309.13
VOLTRONIC POWER TE TWD10 TW 41,498 $1,856,186.29
WIENERBERGER AG NPV AT 114,305 $4,230,330.89
WOONGJIN COWAY KR 37,346 $2,406,363.27
YADEA GROUP HOLDIN USD0.00001 HK 1,132,000 $1,732,310.58
YUBICO AB NPV (SPAC) SE 79,271 $1,274,284.86

Investments will change over time.

Distributions

  • 2025 Distribution Calendar
  • 2025 Distributions
  • 2024 Distributions
  • 2023 Distributions
  • 2022 Distributions
  • 2021 Distributions
  • Tax Letter

A Word About Risk

All investments involve risks, including possible loss of principal. As with any stock fund, the value of your investment will fluctuate in response to stock market movements. Small- and medium-capitalization companies tend to have limited liquidity and greater price volatility than large-capitalization companies. Funds whose investments are concentrated in foreign and emerging market countries may be subject to fluctuating currency values, different accounting standards, and economic and political instability. The value of the Series may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. Investments in emerging markets may be more volatile than investments in more developed markets. Additionally, the Series is subject to portfolio turnover risk as it may buy and sell investments frequently, which may result in higher expenses and an increase in realized capital gains and potential tax implications for shareholders.

Daily Price

$26.54

Daily $ Change

$0.02

Daily % Change

0.08%

as of 06/06/2025

Ticker

RISAX

CUSIP

56382R670

Inception Date

11/30/2012

Investment Minimum

$2,000.00

Prior to 03/01/2019, the Class S shares were designated as the Class K shares. Investment minimum may be waived for certain qualified retirement plans, participants in an automatic investment program, and discretionary investment accounts of the Advisor.

Important Documents

Summary Prospectus
Prospectus
Statement of Additional Information
Annual Report
Semi-Annual Report
Proxy Voting Record
Applications & Forms
Fact Sheet
N-Port Part F Reports
Financial Statements and Other Information

Investment Objective

To provide investors with long-term capital appreciation by investing primarily in the common stock of small- to mid-capitalization companies located outside the U.S.

Investment Strategy

The Series is primarily invested in the common stock of small- and mid-capitalization companies traded outside the U.S. Rainier typically selects investments that fall within the market capitalization range of the MSCI ACWI ex USA Small Cap Index at the time of purchase. The Team will invest in any type of company whether it is in the index or not, as long as it is within the market cap range and fits the investment objectives. To control risk, extreme overweighting or underweighting of the Series relative to the Index is normally avoided.

Investment decisions are based on fundamental analysis, which emphasizes bottom-up stock selection of companies that exhibit strong growth, clear key earnings drivers and attractive valuations. The investment team evaluates companies across all sectors and regions using this growth and valuation criteria.

May be Appropriate for Investors

  • Seeking a long-term (15 years or more) investment and who are willing to accept the risk of investing in foreign equity securities
  • Seeking to diversify a portfolio by adding a foreign equity component

Performance

As of 05/31/2025

YTD

15.73%

1 Year

11.42%

3 Year

3.55%

5 Year

6.52%

10 Year

6.47%

Inception
(03/28/2012)

9.31%

Performance data quoted represents past performance and does not guarantee future results. Performance for periods greater than one year is annualized. The investment return and principal value of an investment will fluctuate, so that an investor’s shares, when redeemed, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Current performance may be higher or lower than that quoted.

For periods prior to 08/21/2017, performance for Class S is based on the historical performance of the Class A Shares of the Rainier International Discovery Fund (Predecessor Fund) Class A Shares, which was managed by Rainier Investment Management, LLC and reorganized into the Manning & Napier Fund, Inc. Rainier International Discovery Series Class S on 08/21/2017. Performance prior to 11/30/2012 is based on the historical performance of the Predecessor Fund’s Institutional Shares and adjusted for the Predecessor Fund’s Class A Shares expenses. If the sales charges were reflected or if performance had been adjusted to reflect the Class S Shares’ expenses, the performance would have been different depending on total expenses incurred by the Predecessor Fund.

Expense Ratio

Gross 1.41%

*Includes a 12b-1 fee of 0.25%, of which up to 0.25% is available as a shareholder servicing fee. Reflects the Advisor’s contractual agreement to limit its fees and reimburse certain expenses. The contractual waiver may not be amended or terminated without the prior approval of the Fund’s Board of Directors.

Top Ten Investments

As of 05/31/2025

EURONEXT EUR1.60 3.00%
SAAB AB NPV B 2.95%
BABCOCK INTL GROUP ORD GBP0.60 2.75%
DEFINITY FINL CORP COM NPV 2.65%
SCOUT24 AG NPV 2.34%
SWISSQUOTE GP HLDG CHF0.20 (REGD) 2.31%
ELEMENT FLEET MGMT COM NPV 2.14%
JAPAN ELEVATOR SER NPV 2.11%
ALK-ABELLO A/S SERBDKK0.50 2.00%
ST JAMES'S PLACE ORD GBP0.15 1.81%

Top Ten Investments list is unaudited and excludes cash.

Security Description Country Ticker Shares/Par Market Value (USD)
360 ONE WAM LTD INR1(POST SUBD) IN 173,110 $2,017,947.77
AAC TECHNOLOGIES H USD0.01 HK 498,500 $2,317,185.38
ALK-ABELLO A/S SERBDKK0.50 DK 302,514 $8,235,158.55
ALS LIMITED NPV AU 439,168 $4,541,808.92
ALTIUS MINERALS CO COM NPV CA 159,431 $3,054,229.27
ASHTEAD TECHNOLOGY ORD GBP0.05 GB 164,508 $942,850.87
ASPEED TECHNOLOGY TWD10 TW 29,000 $3,810,250.76
AUTO TRADER GROUP ORD GBP1.50 GB 397,450 $4,255,690.71
AUTO1 GRP NPV DE 123,999 $3,322,168.81
BABCOCK INTL GROUP ORD GBP0.60 GB 895,696 $11,305,858.27
BAYCURRENT CONSULT NPV JP 85,300 $4,541,806.02
BE SEMICONDUCTOR EUR0.01 NL 16,970 $2,052,706.26
BIOGAIA AB SERBNPV SE 120,500 $1,242,643.12
BRUNELLO CUCINELLI NPV IT 50,400 $6,205,140.27
CARSALES.COM LTD NPV AU 87,585 $2,004,351.02
CELESTICA INC COM NPV CA 27,881 $3,222,552.47
CELLEBRITE DI LTD ORDINARY SHARES US CLBT 61,753 $1,030,040.04
CLASSYS INC KRW100 KR 65,912 $2,723,044.14
CLOUD MUSIC INC USD0.0001 HK 111,800 $3,011,159.78
COSMAX INC KRW500 KR 28,598 $4,352,815.83
COWELL E HOLDINGS USD0.004 HK 928,743 $2,647,104.98
CTS EVENTIM NPV DE 55,970 $6,779,711.86
DAIEI KANKYO CO LT NPV JP 239,000 $5,026,958.66
DEFINITY FINL CORP COM NPV CA 201,316 $10,910,991.91
DESCARTES SYSTEMS COM NPV CA 51,720 $5,985,444.13
DIPLOMA ORD GBP0.05 GB 110,014 $6,952,120.53
E INK HOLDINGS INC TWD10 TW 387,000 $2,734,446.17
ECLAT TEXTILE CO TWD10 TW 142,000 $2,043,395.57
ELEMENT FLEET MGMT COM NPV CA 370,760 $8,817,667.55
EMEMORY TECHNOLOGY TWD10 TW 35,000 $2,802,943.09
EURONEXT EUR1.60 FR 75,904 $12,356,780.29
FORTNOX AB NPV SE 454,737 $4,090,523.82
FUKUOKA FINANCIAL GROUP JP 237,400 $6,511,862.50
FUSO CHEMICAL CO NPV JP 125,200 $3,340,517.69
GENDA INC NPV JP 164,100 $1,072,430.09
GERRESHEIMER AG NPV (BR) DE 14,422 $1,037,202.66
GN STORE NORD DKK1 DK 52,802 $773,617.71
GRUMA SAB DE CV SER'B' NPV MX 104,671 $1,971,467.44
GTT EUR0.01 FR 36,882 $6,854,166.55
HALMA ORD GBP0.10 GB 152,143 $5,962,311.18
HEMNET GROUP AB NPV SE 82,967 $2,624,206.75
HOWDEN JOINERY GR ORD GBP0.10 GB 532,886 $6,183,754.49
HYOSUNG HEAVY INDU KRW5000 KR 9,124 $4,093,466.69
INDIAN HOTELS INR1 (POST SUBDIVISION) IN 246,823 $2,219,892.75
INSOURCE CO LTD NPV JP 358,200 $2,507,238.64
INTERMED CAP GRP ORD GBP0.2625 GB 110,000 $2,975,710.43
INTERNET INITIATIV NPV JP 210,500 $4,061,346.55
JAPAN ELEVATOR SER NPV JP 346,500 $8,668,803.49
JAPAN STEEL WORKS JP 149,900 $7,125,431.23
JBCC HOLDINGS INC NPV JP 276,400 $2,656,826.64
JUMBO SA EUR0.88 GR 100,264 $3,257,663.09
KAYNES TECHNOLOGY INR10 IN 36,283 $2,534,086.13
Kfin Technologies Ltd. INR10 IN 172,165 $2,170,797.95
KINAXIS INC COM NPV CA 34,390 $4,888,059.71
KINGDEE INTL SOFTW HKD0.025 HK 1,990,000 $3,121,449.20
KONECRANES OYJ NPV FI 64,077 $5,004,746.90
KPJ HEALTHCARE MYR0.50 MY 3,201,622 $2,045,909.04
KRONES AG ORD NPV DE 17,088 $2,688,722.47
KYOTO FINANCIAL GR NPV JP 360,800 $6,036,045.60
L.T. FOODS LTD INR1 IN 541,310 $2,781,033.50
LAGERCRANTZ GROUP AB-B SHS LAGRB SE0014990966 SE 316,772 $7,163,272.94
MAX HEALTHCARE INS INR10 IN 285,103 $3,747,900.90
MITSUI ENG N SHIPBUILDING JP 134,000 $2,186,978.07
MNC SOLUTION CO LT KRW100 KR 30,815 $2,878,925.49
MULTI COMMODITY EX INR10 IN 54,211 $4,180,534.40
MUNTERS GROUP AB NPV SE 112,741 $1,500,091.08
NETCOMPANY GROUP DKK1 DK 54,372 $2,535,200.18
NHPC LTD INR10 IN 3,625,600 $3,701,649.69
NIKON CORP JP 309,100 $3,125,381.34
NKT A/S DKK20 DK 28,297 $2,424,565.08
NOMURA REAL ESTATE HOLDINGS JP 678,600 $3,986,619.22
NORDNET AB NPV SE 259,866 $7,023,588.21
OR Royalties Inc. COM CA 221,763 $5,656,371.80
OXFORD INSTRUMENTS ORD GBP0.05 GB 97,466 $2,352,736.16
PAL GROUP HOLDINGS NPV JP 65,600 $1,613,915.94
PHOENIX MILLS INR2 IN 106,575 $1,917,540.49
PRO MEDICUS NPV AU 18,038 $3,273,672.17
RIGHTMOVE ORD GBP0.001 GB 679,652 $6,830,091.13
RINGKJOBING LNDOBK DKK1 DK 33,507 $6,782,225.77
RINNAI CORP JP 112,712 $2,815,944.84
SAAB AB NPV B SE 240,516 $12,133,538.21
SCOUT24 AG NPV DE 70,929 $9,654,605.46
SOJITZ JP 187,100 $4,626,444.44
SOPRA STERIA GROUP EUR1.00 FR 10,407 $2,242,400.97
SSAB AB SE 619,148 $3,667,850.56
ST JAMES'S PLACE ORD GBP0.15 GB 497,058 $7,470,577.82
STEADFAST GROUP LI NPV AU 450,471 $1,669,827.53
SWCC SHOWA HOLDING NPV JP 88,000 $4,269,032.19
SWISSQUOTE GP HLDG CHF0.20 (REGD) CH 15,896 $9,523,475.38
TECHNOLOGY ONE NPV AU 192,327 $5,082,080.00
TFI INTERNATIONAL COM NPV CA 27,341 $2,356,183.93
THK JP 81,000 $2,221,262.00
THULE GROUP AB NPV SE 75,991 $2,000,065.05
TOROMONT INDUSTRIE COM STK NPV CA 45,302 $3,921,154.24
U-NEXT HOLDINGS CO NPV JP 212,900 $3,207,627.43
US DOLLARS US USD 9,997,309.13 $9,997,309.13
VOLTRONIC POWER TE TWD10 TW 41,498 $1,856,186.29
WIENERBERGER AG NPV AT 114,305 $4,230,330.89
WOONGJIN COWAY KR 37,346 $2,406,363.27
YADEA GROUP HOLDIN USD0.00001 HK 1,132,000 $1,732,310.58
YUBICO AB NPV (SPAC) SE 79,271 $1,274,284.86

Investments will change over time.

Distributions

  • 2025 Distribution Calendar
  • 2025 Distributions
  • 2024 Distributions
  • 2023 Distributions
  • 2022 Distributions
  • 2021 Distributions
  • Tax Letter

A Word About Risk

All investments involve risks, including possible loss of principal. As with any stock fund, the value of your investment will fluctuate in response to stock market movements. Small- and medium-capitalization companies tend to have limited liquidity and greater price volatility than large-capitalization companies. Funds whose investments are concentrated in foreign and emerging market countries may be subject to fluctuating currency values, different accounting standards, and economic and political instability. The value of the Series may be affected by changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. Investments in emerging markets may be more volatile than investments in more developed markets. Additionally, the Series is subject to portfolio turnover risk as it may buy and sell investments frequently, which may result in higher expenses and an increase in realized capital gains and potential tax implications for shareholders.

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